In addition, we must not forget the importance of the existing communication infrastructures, with interconnected road networks, ports and railways that facilitate the transport and distribution of minerals and guarantee an efficient extraction and export process.

In addition, a third element to be taken into account is the research and development of associated technologies. Scientific ecosystems such as those contributed to the Spanish and European regions and territories like the Basque Country (with the case of CIC energiGUNE) and the active presence of academic entities, such as universities, would undoubtedly allow progress in more efficient and sustainable extraction techniques, as well as the development of new materials and production processes not only at the national level, but also at the community level.

As a consequence of the sum of all these factors, we can foresee a scenario in which the economic impact would be immediate. The development of a large national lithium industry would boost job creation in local communities at all levels: from the extraction itself, to the subsequent stages of processing and battery manufacturing; in other words, the industries associated with lithium could generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs throughout the value chain. The advantages and benefits of being one of the main lithium extractors in Europe would therefore be considerable

The great environmental challenge

All of the above has a counterpoint: the environmental implications of setting up a lithium mining industry. Among the main issues to be taken into account, we can point out at least four. The viability of any mining project will depend on an adequate response to each of them.

The first is the responsible use of water. Lithium extraction often involves intensive water use in the mining and extraction processes, which can have an impact on local water resources. It is important to implement efficient and sustainable water management practices and to ensure that water supply for local communities, agriculture or other essential uses is not compromised.

Secondly, proper waste and chemical management must be considered. Such an industry will generate waste and chemical emissions that must be properly managed. It is imperative to conduct thorough environmental impact studies and implement mitigation measures to protect the biodiversity of the affected areas.

The third relevant issue is energy use and carbon emissions. While lithium is a key component in the transition to cleaner energy, the extraction and processing of the mineral requires a considerable amount of energy, for which it will be desirable to seek renewable energy sources that minimize the carbon footprint of the entire supply chain.

Finally, as far as the environmental challenge is concerned, participation and consultation with local communities should be taken into account. Lithium extraction can have a significant impact on local communities, both in terms of employment and changes to their environment. For this reason it is essential to involve communities in the decision-making process, provide clear and transparent information on potential impacts, and ensure that proper risk-benefit assessments are carried out before any project is initiated.

In short, it is safe to say that lithium mining in Spain has enormous potential - and will surely be an essential part of the European Union´s strategy - but it also presents challenges for which it will be essential to find a balance between boosting the lithium industry and protecting the environment by implementing sustainable practices and clean technologies.

It is here where research and development activity plays a fundamental role, in order to respond to these key challenges to ensure the sustainability of the industry and reach the aforementioned break-even point. In this sense, from CIC energiGUNE we seek through our science to contribute to reduce these impacts and effects, promoting a truly sustainable value chain from its initial stages.